An unpaid seller has been
defined by S.38 of the Sales of Goods Act.
It provides:
38.(i) The seller of goods is
deemed to an “unpaid seller” within the meaning of this Act—
(a) When the whole of the price
has not been paid or tendered;
(b) When a bill of exchange or
other negotiable instrument has been received as conditional payment, and the
condition on which it was received has not been
fulfilled by reason of the dishonour of the instrument or otherwise.
(2) In this Part of this Act
the term ” seller ” includes any person who is in the position of a seller, as
for instance, an agent of the seller to whom the bill of lading has been
indorsed, or a consignor or agent who has himself paid, or is directly
responsible for, the price.
From the above, it can be
deduced that an unpaid seller is a person who has not being paid, either by
cash or other negotiable instruments. For negotiable instruments, the mere fact
that they haven’t been tendered by the seller doesn’t mean that he is an
unpaid seller. He becomes an unpaid seller when after tendering them, they are
rejected.
The term “seller” was also
defined; it doesn’t only refer to the seller in his person but includes the
seller’s agents.
The Rights of An Unpaid
Seller
The act further provides for
means of redress in the situation of an unpaid seller. The means are
a right of lien on the goods, the right to stop the goods in transit if
it is discovered that the buyer is insolvent and a right to resell the goods.
This is encapsulated in the provisions of S.39 of the Act which provides:
39.—(i)
Subject to the provisions of this Act, and of any statute in that behalf,
notwithstanding that the property in the goods may have passed to the
buyer, the unpaid seller of goods, as such, has by implication of law—
(a) A lien
on the goods or right to retain them for the price while he is in possession of
them;
(b) In
case of the insolvency of the buyer, a right of stopping the goods in transitu
after he has parted with the possession of them;
(c) A right
of re-sale as limited by this Act.
(2) Where
the property in goods has not passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller has, in
addition to his other remedies, a right of withholding delivery similar to and
co-extensive with his rights of lien and stoppage in transitu where the
property has passed to the buyer.
The Unpaid
Seller’s Right of Lien
A right of lien is simply the
right of a seller to withhold the delivery of goods to the seller till he has
been paid. The act provides for situations in which an unpaid seller would be
able to exercise his right of lien: where the goods are not sold on credit, if
they were sold on credit; the term of the credit has expired, where the buyer
becomes bankrupt.
The act also provides that the
seller can exercise this right notwithstanding that he is an agent, bailee or
custodier for the buyer.
All these are encapsulated in
S. 41 which reads:
41.—(1) Subject to the
provisions of this Act, the seller of goods who is in possession of them is
entitled to retain possession of them until payment or tender of the price in
the following cases, namely; —
(a) Where
the goods have been sold without any stipulation as to credit;
(b) Where
the goods have been sold on credit, but the term of credit has expired;
(c) Where
the buyer becomes insolvent.
(2) The
seller may exercise his right of lien notwithstanding that he is in possession
of the goods as agent or bailee or custodier for the buyer.
However, in a situation in
which the seller makes part delivery of the goods, he may exercise his right of
lien on the remaining part unless there is an agreement in which he waives this
right. This is provided in S.42
of the Sales of Goods Act which states:
42. Where
an unpaid seller has made part delivery of the goods, he may exercise his right
of lien or retention on the remainder, unless such part delivery has been made
under such circumstances as to show an agreement to waive the lien or right of
retention.
By the provision of S.43 of the sales of Goods Act,
the following are situations in which the seller loses his right of lien:
43.—(1) The unpaid seller of
goods loses his lien or right of retention thereon
(a) When
he delivers the goods to a carrier or
other bailee or
custodier for the purpose of transmission to the buyer without reserving the
right of disposal of the goods;
(b) When
the buyer or his agent lawfully obtains possession of the goods;
(c) By
waiver thereof.
(2) The
unpaid seller of goods, having a lien or right of retention thereon, does not
lose his lien or right of retention by reason only that he has obtained
judgment or decree for the price of the goods.
The Unpaid
Seller’s Right of Stoppage In Transitu
Stoppage in transit is the
right of the unpaid seller to stop delivery of the goods if he discovers that
the buyer is bankrupt. This is provided for in S.44 of the Sales of Goods Act
which provides:
44.
Subject to the provisions of this Act, when the buyer of goods becomes
insolvent, the unpaid seller who has parted with the possession of the goods
has the right of stopping them in transitu, that is to say, he may resume
possession of the goods as long as they are in course of transit, and may
retain them until payment or tender of the price.
The Act further discusses the
intricacies and technicalities of stoppage of goods in transit, This is done in
S.45 which provides thus:
45.—(1) Goods
are deemed to be in course of transit from the time when they are delivered to
a carrier by land or water, or other bailee or custodier for the purpose of
transmission to the buyer; until the buyer, or his agent in that behalf, takes
delivery of them from such carrier or other bailee or custodier.
(2) If the
buyer or his agent in that behalf obtains delivery of the goods before their
arrival at the appointed destination, the transit is at an end.
(3) If,
after the arrival of the goods at the appointed destination, the carrier or
other bailee or custodier acknowledges to the buyer, or his agent, that he
holds the goods on his behalf and continues in possession of them as bailee or
custodier for the buyer, or his agent, the transit is at an end, and it is
immaterial that a further destination for the goods may have been indicated by
the buyer.
(4) If the
goods are rejected by the buyer, and the carrier or other bailee or custodier
continues in possession of them, the transit is not deemed to be at an end,
even if the seller has refused to receive them back.
(5) When
goods are delivered to a ship chartered by the buyer it is a question depending
on the circumstances of the particular case, whether they are in the possession
of the master as a carrier, or as an agent to the buyer.
(6) Where
the carrier or other bailee or custodier wrongfully refuses to deliver the
goods to the buyer, or his agent in that behalf, the transit is deemed to be at
an end.
(7) Where
part delivery of the goods has been made to the buyer or his agent in that
behalf, the remainder of the goods may be stopped in transitu, unless such part
delivery has been made under such circumstances as to show an agreement
to give up possession of the whole of the goods.
The unpaid seller can exercise
his right of stoppage in transitu by either taking actual possession of the
goods or by notifying the carrier, bailee or custodier in possession of the
goods of his right of stoppage in transitu. He can also notify the principal of
the person in possession of the right of stoppage in transitu if it is in a
situation in which the principal would be able to communicate such right to the
person in actual possession; S.46(1).
When the notice of stoppage in
transitu is delivered to the carrier, bailee, custodier or any other
person in possession, such person must re-deliver the goods according to the
seller’s instructions. The cost of re-delivering the goods in this situation
would be borne by the seller; S.46(2).
The
Unpaid Seller’s Right of Re-Sale
According to the provision of S.47 of the Act, the unpaid seller’s
right of lien or stoppage in transitu is not affected by any resale or other
disposition done by the buyer to a third party without the seller’s consent.
However, in a situation in which the documents of title, having been lawfully
transferred to the buyer, are then given to the third party who receives them
in good faith for a reasonable consideration, the seller’s right of lien and
stoppage in transitu has been defeated. If the said transfer was by way of
pledge or other disposition for value, the unpaid seller’s right can only be
exercised subject to the right of the transferee.
Also, S.48(1) provides that
subject to its provisions, the exercise of the seller’s right of lien or
stoppage in transitu does not repudiate the initial contract. It is further
provided for in S.48(2)
that where an unpaid seller that has exercised his right of lien or stoppage in
transitu resells the goods, the new buyer has a right to the goods over the
former buyer.
Where the goods are perishable
in nature and the unpaid seller notifies the buyer of his intention to resell
them, if the buyer doesn’t pay within a reasonable time, the seller can resell
the goods. He would also be able to recover from the original buyer any damages
incurred due to his breach of the contract; S.48(3).
Where the seller, in the contract of sale, reserves the right to resell the
goods on the default of payment by the buyer and the buyer defaults in payment,
the subsequent resale by the seller brings the contract to an end but it does
not affect the seller’s right to recover damages from the buyer; S.48(4) SOGA.
SOURCES
- MC Okany: Nigerian Commercial Law
- Sale of Goods Act 1893
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